MOTS-C

MOTS-c is a peptide comprising 16 amino acids. Its name expands to “mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c” and records its genetic origin: the underlying open reading frame is assigned to mitochondrial DNA rather than nuclear DNA. Foundational work described this identity in preclinical mouse and cell models. The genetic description distinguishes MOTS-c from a synthetic sequence that is merely directed towards mitochondria.

The literature places MOTS-c among mitochondrial-derived peptides. That classification describes molecular origin and a field of signalling research; it does not establish the identity, content or analytical characteristics of supplied material. Product designation, batch code, test method and result must be reconciled before a batch is assigned to an experiment. Sequence, formula, molecular mass and CAS identifier below describe the unmodified free peptide as a reference identity; the salt or solvate form and the measured mass of any supplied batch remain a question for that batch's COA.

Names and literature classifications do not authenticate a batch. HPLC can describe a chromatographic profile or method-specific purity result, but any such result applies only to the tested batch and reported method. Molecular identity and chromatographic purity remain separate analytical questions.

Source record: Lee et al. 2015 · PMID 25738459

Mitonuclear signalling is a research term for communication between mitochondria and the cell nucleus. Mitochondria contain their own genetic material, while many components involved in their function are encoded by nuclear genes. Research therefore asks how signals associated with mitochondrial state relate to nuclear gene programmes. “Mitokine” is another category term used for signalling molecules of mitochondrial origin; it is not a quality designation.

Kim and colleagues linked mitochondrial encoding with signalling outside the organelle in cellular and molecular models. Under the tested metabolic-stress conditions, the authors described AMPK-dependent nuclear translocation and changes involving nuclear gene expression, antioxidant-response-element signalling and NRF2-related interactions. Each observation remains tied to the cell system, timing, stress condition and analytical method used.

Lee and colleagues investigated AMPK-related processes, the folate cycle and purine biosynthesis in mouse and cell models. Yang and colleagues measured PGC-1α expression, AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, GLUT4 and glucose-metabolism markers in C2C12 myotubes and mice. These are measurements within named preclinical models. Multiple aligned markers do not remove differences between cell systems, mouse species and human samples.

Mechanism sources: Kim et al. 2018 · PMID 29983246 · Lee et al. 2015 · PMID 25738459 · Yang et al. 2021 · PMID 33722744

This section describes findings in controlled research and makes no statement about use. The four records must be read by model, species, method and measured endpoint; they do not form a single body of human intervention evidence.

Reynolds requires a strict three-part boundary. First, its human component measured endogenous MOTS-c after physical activity. Second, that means the body's own peptide was observed; externally supplied material was not investigated in those human samples. Third, the publication's parallel mouse findings remain animal evidence and are not transferred to humans. Combining the human sampling and mouse experiments into one human claim would misstate the mixed design.

Study sources: Kim et al. 2018 · PMID 29983246 · Lee et al. 2015 · PMID 25738459 · Yang et al. 2021 · PMID 33722744 · Reynolds et al. 2021 · PMID 33473109

“MOTS-c”, “mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c” and “mitochondrial-derived peptide” describe related aspects of the same literature record: abbreviated name, encoded origin and research class. “Mitochondrially encoded” specifies where the open reading frame lies. “Mitonuclear” specifies a communication question between mitochondria and nucleus. “Mitokine” is a broader signalling category. These terms should not be collapsed into claims about a supplied batch.

The evidence map has three distinct model layers. Cellular systems support mechanistic observations such as nuclear translocation and gene-expression measurements. Mouse models support preclinical, species-bound findings. The human component of one mixed publication is limited to endogenous-level measurements around physical activity and is not a substance-intervention study. AMPK, PGC-1α, GLUT4, ACC phosphorylation and nuclear gene expression are measured markers, not clinical endpoints.

Published work also does not establish the identity, amount, physical form or purity of supplied material. Those require matching product and batch records. If HPLC reports a numerical purity result, it applies only to the tested batch and within the stated method. It cannot be generalised to MOTS-c as a class, and HPLC alone does not settle every molecular-identity question.

Evidence-map sources: Kim et al. 2018 · PMID 29983246 · Lee et al. 2015 · PMID 25738459 · Yang et al. 2021 · PMID 33722744 · Reynolds et al. 2021 · PMID 33473109

MOTS-c is supplied to laboratories in the EU as research material. Incoming documentation should connect the product designation and batch code with the applicable analytical method, test date and result. Any discrepancy between label, specification and COA should be resolved before the material is described as a matter of fact or assigned to a controlled study.

The literature frames molecular questions and model-specific measurements; it does not certify supplied material. Batch documentation serves a separate purpose. Any purity statement is method-specific and applies only to the tested batch. No amount, physical form, storage condition, stability period or blanket analytical property is asserted in this record.

Research use only. For laboratory research only. Not for human or veterinary use. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Not a medicinal product, food or cosmetic.